* A computer is an electonic
device that perform a variety of tasks according to the given instructions.
* A computer works as a data processor that processes data to form information.
* Data are raw facts that may not convey meaning.
* Information is meaningful data.
* A computer undergoes input-process-output cycle.
* Input unit carries out the input phase, CPU(Centeral Processing Unit) carries out the process phase and output unit carries out the output phase.
* The CPU consists of two components: Control Unit(CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU). The CPU controls and supervises the task and ALU performs the arithmetic and logic operations.
* The main memory holds the data and instrutions as well as intermediate outputs during processing, After the task is performed, the output is sent to output unit and the memory is cleared.
* The unit of memory is byte. A byte consists os 8 bits and a nibble consists of4 bits. One Kilobyte(KB) is equal to 1024 bytes. One Megabyte(MB) is equal to 1024 KB. One Gigabytes is equal to 1024 MB. One Terabyte(TB) is equal to 1024 GB.
* Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer.
* Software represents the set of program that govern the computer operation.
* Software is broadly divided into three categories: Operating System, Language Processors and application Software.
* Operatinng System is an interface between the user and the hardware.
* Operating System and Language Processor are together called System Software.
* Speed, high storage capacity, accuracy, reliability and versatility are computer's strengths and lack of decision-making power and zero IQ are computer's limitations.
* The evolution of computers started with first counting machine abacus.
* Babbage's Analytical engine was a pioneer computer with central processor, storage area, memory and input-output devices.
* MARK-I constructed by Prof. Aiken was first electromechanical computer.
* Dr.John Von Neumann conceptualised the ideas of 'stored program computer' that can store data and instructions at the same place in memory.
* The first generation computers(1949-55) used thermionic valves for internal operations and machine language for giving instructions. Punched cards were used for input and output.
*
The second generation computer(1956-65) used transistors for internal operations
and High Level Languages(HLLs) for giving instructions. Magnetic tapes and disks
were used for secondary storage.
* The third generation computer(1966-75) used integrated circuits(ICs) for internal operations.
* The fourth generation computers(1976-presents) are using large scales and very large scale integrated(VLSI) circuits for internal operations. Microprocessors are being used.
* The fifth generation aims at making intelligent computers.
* The computers can be classified as digital, analog and hybrid computers.
* Digital computers converts data into binary digits(0 and 1) and then process them.
* Analog computers work on physical quantities.
* Hybrid computers are mixture of digital and analog computers.
* Digital computers are special purpose or general purpose computers depending upon their purpose of working.
* Performance wise digital computers are divided into micro, mini, mainframe and super computers.
Notes
*The memory of computer is often called main memory or primary memory. It is generally the third component of CPU.
*An input unit takes the input and converts it into binary form so that it can be understood by the computer.
*PARAM by CDAC and PACE by ANURAG and super computers produced by India and are exported to many European countries.
*Data actually is plural of datium. However, these days it is common practice to use data as singular word.
*PACE is acronym for Processor for Aerodynamic Computation and Evalution. It was developed by Hyderabad based Advanced numerical Research and Analysis Group(ANUAG)
DEFINATIONS
ALU: Arithmetic logic Unit carries out arithmetic and logical operations.
Analog Computer: A computer that deals with physical quantities. It measures rather than counting.
Application Software: Software pertaining to the operations of a specified application.
Assembler: Program that converts the program written in assembly language into machine language.
Bit: A binary digit.
Byte: A group of bits.
Compiler: Program that converts HILL program into machine language in one go and reports all the errors along with their line numbers.
Computer: An electronic device capable of performing variety of operations in accordance with program.
CPU: Central processing Unit that carries out the given process and supervises the entire operation.
Data Processor: A machine that processes data.
Data: Raw facts and figures.
Digital Computer: A computer that deals with discrete quantities. It counts rather than measuring.
Firmware: Prewritten program permanently stored in read-only memory that configure the computer and is not easily modifiable.
Hardware: Physical and tengiable components of the computer.
Hybrid Computer: A computer that combines the characterstics of analog and digital computers.
IC: Integrated Circuits.
Information: Meaningful data.
Integrated Circuits: Wafter thin slice of purified silicon crystal containg many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuits encapsulated in a small package with many leads.
Interpreter: Program that converts a High Level Language(HLL) program into machine language by converting and executing it line by line.
IPO Cycle: Input-Process-Output cycle.
Memory Cell: A device which can store a symbol selected from a set of symbols.
Microcomputers: a microcomputer is a computer whose CPU is a microprocessor. A microprocessor is a processor whose all components are on a single integrated-circuit chip. Three major categories at microcomputers: PDA's, dextop computers and Worktations.
Minicomputers: mini computers are also called mid-range servers, are more powerful than micro-computers in terms of processing power and capabilities. These computers are multiusers systems where many users simultaneously work on the systems. e.g, PDP-11, VAX, 7500 MAGNUM etc.
Mainframe Computers: Are desined to handel huge volumes of data and information. These can support more than hundred users at same time. These very large and expensive computers have great processing speeds and very large storage capacity and memory as compared to mini. e.g, ICL 39, CDC 6600, VAX 8842, IBM 3090/600, IBM4381.
Nibble: A group of 4 bits.
Operating System: Program which acts as an interface between a user and the hardware.
Program: A set of instructions given to computer.
Software: Set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system.
Stored Program Concept: Data and instructions(the program) are stored in a single read-write memory.
Super Computers: Are the most powerful computers among digital computers. These consist of several processors running together thereby making them immensely faster and powerful. These computers are capable of handling huge amout of calculations that are beyond human capabilities. e.g, CRAY X-MP-14, CDC-205, ETA GF-10, FUJITSU VP-400, NEC SX-2, PARAM etc.
Peripherals: The devices that surround the system unit. e.g, the keyboard, mouse, speakers, printers, monitors etc are peripherals.
* A computer works as a data processor that processes data to form information.
* Data are raw facts that may not convey meaning.
* Information is meaningful data.
* A computer undergoes input-process-output cycle.
* Input unit carries out the input phase, CPU(Centeral Processing Unit) carries out the process phase and output unit carries out the output phase.
* The CPU consists of two components: Control Unit(CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU). The CPU controls and supervises the task and ALU performs the arithmetic and logic operations.
* The main memory holds the data and instrutions as well as intermediate outputs during processing, After the task is performed, the output is sent to output unit and the memory is cleared.
* The unit of memory is byte. A byte consists os 8 bits and a nibble consists of4 bits. One Kilobyte(KB) is equal to 1024 bytes. One Megabyte(MB) is equal to 1024 KB. One Gigabytes is equal to 1024 MB. One Terabyte(TB) is equal to 1024 GB.
* Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer.
* Software represents the set of program that govern the computer operation.
* Software is broadly divided into three categories: Operating System, Language Processors and application Software.
* Operatinng System is an interface between the user and the hardware.
* Operating System and Language Processor are together called System Software.
* Speed, high storage capacity, accuracy, reliability and versatility are computer's strengths and lack of decision-making power and zero IQ are computer's limitations.
* The evolution of computers started with first counting machine abacus.
* Babbage's Analytical engine was a pioneer computer with central processor, storage area, memory and input-output devices.
* MARK-I constructed by Prof. Aiken was first electromechanical computer.
* Dr.John Von Neumann conceptualised the ideas of 'stored program computer' that can store data and instructions at the same place in memory.
* The first generation computers(1949-55) used thermionic valves for internal operations and machine language for giving instructions. Punched cards were used for input and output.
 |
* The third generation computer(1966-75) used integrated circuits(ICs) for internal operations.
* The fourth generation computers(1976-presents) are using large scales and very large scale integrated(VLSI) circuits for internal operations. Microprocessors are being used.
* The fifth generation aims at making intelligent computers.
* The computers can be classified as digital, analog and hybrid computers.
* Digital computers converts data into binary digits(0 and 1) and then process them.
* Analog computers work on physical quantities.
* Hybrid computers are mixture of digital and analog computers.
* Digital computers are special purpose or general purpose computers depending upon their purpose of working.
* Performance wise digital computers are divided into micro, mini, mainframe and super computers.
Notes
*The memory of computer is often called main memory or primary memory. It is generally the third component of CPU.
*An input unit takes the input and converts it into binary form so that it can be understood by the computer.
*PARAM by CDAC and PACE by ANURAG and super computers produced by India and are exported to many European countries.
*Data actually is plural of datium. However, these days it is common practice to use data as singular word.
*PACE is acronym for Processor for Aerodynamic Computation and Evalution. It was developed by Hyderabad based Advanced numerical Research and Analysis Group(ANUAG)
DEFINATIONS
ALU: Arithmetic logic Unit carries out arithmetic and logical operations.
Analog Computer: A computer that deals with physical quantities. It measures rather than counting.
Application Software: Software pertaining to the operations of a specified application.
Assembler: Program that converts the program written in assembly language into machine language.
Bit: A binary digit.
Byte: A group of bits.
Compiler: Program that converts HILL program into machine language in one go and reports all the errors along with their line numbers.
Computer: An electronic device capable of performing variety of operations in accordance with program.
CPU: Central processing Unit that carries out the given process and supervises the entire operation.
Data Processor: A machine that processes data.
Data: Raw facts and figures.
Digital Computer: A computer that deals with discrete quantities. It counts rather than measuring.
Firmware: Prewritten program permanently stored in read-only memory that configure the computer and is not easily modifiable.
Hardware: Physical and tengiable components of the computer.
Hybrid Computer: A computer that combines the characterstics of analog and digital computers.
IC: Integrated Circuits.
Information: Meaningful data.
Integrated Circuits: Wafter thin slice of purified silicon crystal containg many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuits encapsulated in a small package with many leads.
Interpreter: Program that converts a High Level Language(HLL) program into machine language by converting and executing it line by line.
IPO Cycle: Input-Process-Output cycle.
Memory Cell: A device which can store a symbol selected from a set of symbols.
Microcomputers: a microcomputer is a computer whose CPU is a microprocessor. A microprocessor is a processor whose all components are on a single integrated-circuit chip. Three major categories at microcomputers: PDA's, dextop computers and Worktations.
Minicomputers: mini computers are also called mid-range servers, are more powerful than micro-computers in terms of processing power and capabilities. These computers are multiusers systems where many users simultaneously work on the systems. e.g, PDP-11, VAX, 7500 MAGNUM etc.
Mainframe Computers: Are desined to handel huge volumes of data and information. These can support more than hundred users at same time. These very large and expensive computers have great processing speeds and very large storage capacity and memory as compared to mini. e.g, ICL 39, CDC 6600, VAX 8842, IBM 3090/600, IBM4381.
Nibble: A group of 4 bits.
Operating System: Program which acts as an interface between a user and the hardware.
Program: A set of instructions given to computer.
Software: Set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system.
Stored Program Concept: Data and instructions(the program) are stored in a single read-write memory.
Super Computers: Are the most powerful computers among digital computers. These consist of several processors running together thereby making them immensely faster and powerful. These computers are capable of handling huge amout of calculations that are beyond human capabilities. e.g, CRAY X-MP-14, CDC-205, ETA GF-10, FUJITSU VP-400, NEC SX-2, PARAM etc.
Peripherals: The devices that surround the system unit. e.g, the keyboard, mouse, speakers, printers, monitors etc are peripherals.
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